Population-Based Analysis of National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guideline Adherence for Patients with Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in California.

PURPOSE: We analyzed adherence to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network treatment guidelines for anal squamous cell carcinoma in California and the associated impacts on survival. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients in the California Cancer Registry aged 18 to 79 years with recent diagnoses of anal squamous cell carcinoma. Predefined criteria were used to determine adherence. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated for those receiving adherent care. Disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) were examined with a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: 4740 patients were analyzed. Female sex was positively associated with adherent care. Medicaid status and low socioeconomic status were negatively associated with adherent care. Non-adherent care was associated with worse OS (Adjusted HR 1.87, 95% CI = 1.66, 2.12, p < 0.0001). DSS was worse in patients receiving non-adherent care (Adjusted HR 1.96, 95% CI = 1.56, 2.46, p < 0.0001). Female sex was associated with improved DSS and OS. Black race, Medicare/Medicaid, and low socioeconomic status were associated with worse OS. CONCLUSIONS: Male patients, those with Medicaid insurance, or those with low socioeconomic status are less likely to receive adherent care. Adherent care was associated with improved DSS and OS in anal carcinoma patients.

Differential Effects of Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Insurance on Disease-Specific Survival in Rectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline adherence improves cancer outcomes. In rectal cancer, guideline adherence is distributed differently by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and insurance. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the independent effects of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and insurance status on rectal cancer survival after accounting for differences in guideline adherence. DESIGN: This was a retrospective study. SETTINGS: The study was conducted using the California Cancer Registry. PATIENTS: This study included patients aged 18 to 79 years diagnosed with rectal adenocarcinoma between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2017, with follow-up through November 30, 2018. Investigators determined whether patients received guideline-adherent care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ORs and 95% CIs were used for logistic regression to analyze patients receiving guideline-adherent care. Disease-specific survival analysis was calculated using Cox regression models. RESULTS: A total of 30,118 patients were examined. Factors associated with higher odds of guideline adherence included Asian and Hispanic race/ethnicity, managed care insurance, and high socioeconomic status. Asians (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.72-0.88; p < 0.001) and Hispanics (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.83-0.99; p = 0.0279) had better disease-specific survival in the nonadherent group. Race/ethnicity were not factors associated with disease-specific survival in the guideline adherent group. Medicaid disease-specific survival was worse in both the nonadherent group (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.40-1.73; p < 0.0001) and the guideline-adherent group (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.08-1.30; p = 0.0005). Disease-specific survival of the lowest socioeconomic status was worse in both the nonadherent group (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.27-1.59) and the guideline-adherent group (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.08-1.34). LIMITATIONS: Limitations included unmeasured confounders and the retrospective nature of the review. CONCLUSIONS: Race, socioeconomic status, and insurance are associated with guideline adherence in rectal cancer. Race/ethnicity was not associated with differences in disease-specific survival in the guideline-adherent group. Medicaid and lowest socioeconomic status had worse disease-specific survival in both the guideline nonadherent group and the guideline-adherent group. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B954 . EFECTOS DIFERENCIALES DE LA RAZA, EL NIVEL SOCIOECONMICO COBERTURA SOBRE LA SUPERVIVENCIA ESPECFICA DE LA ENFERMEDAD EN EL CNCER DE RECTO: ANTECEDENTES: El cumplimiento de las guías de la National Comprehensive Cancer Network mejora los resultados del cáncer. En el cáncer de recto, el cumplimiento de las guías se distribuye de manera diferente según la raza/origen étnico, nivel socioeconómico y el cobertura médica.OBJETIVO: Determinar los efectos independientes de la raza/origen étnico, el nivel socioeconómico y el estado de cobertura médica en la supervivencia del cáncer de recto después de tener en cuenta las diferencias en el cumplimiento de las guías.DISEÑO: Este fue un estudio retrospectivo.ENTORNO CLINICO: El estudio se realizó utilizando el Registro de Cáncer de California.PACIENTES: Pacientes de 18 a 79 años diagnosticados con adenocarcinoma rectal entre el 1 de enero de 2004 y el 31 de diciembre de 2017 con seguimiento hasta el 30 de noviembre de 2018. Los investigadores determinaron si los pacientes recibieron atención siguiendo las guías.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO: Se utilizaron razones de probabilidad e intervalos de confianza del 95 % para la regresión logística para analizar a los pacientes que recibían atención con adherencia a las guías. El análisis de supervivencia específico de la enfermedad se calculó utilizando modelos de regresión de Cox.RESULTADOS: Se analizaron un total de 30.118 pacientes. Los factores asociados con mayores probabilidades de cumplimiento de las guías incluyeron raza/etnicidad asiática e hispana, seguro de atención administrada y nivel socioeconómico alto. Los asiáticos e hispanos tuvieron una mejor supervivencia específica de la enfermedad en el grupo no adherente HR 0,80 (95 % CI 0,72 - 0,88, p < 0,001) y HR 0,91 (95 % CI 0,83 - 0,99, p = 0,0279). La raza o el origen étnico no fueron factores asociados con la supervivencia específica de la enfermedad en el grupo que cumplió con las guías. La supervivencia específica de la enfermedad de Medicaid fue peor tanto en el grupo no adherente HR 1,56 (IC del 95 % 1,40 - 1,73, p < 0,0001) como en el grupo adherente a las guías HR 1,18 (IC del 95 % 1,08 - 1,30, p = 0,0005). La supervivencia específica de la enfermedad del nivel socioeconómico más bajo fue peor tanto en el grupo no adherente HR 1,42 (IC del 95 %: 1,27 a 1,59) como en el grupo adherente a las guías HR 1,20 (IC del 95 %: 1,08 a 1,34).LIMITACIONES: Las limitaciones incluyeron factores de confusión no medidos y la naturaleza retrospectiva de la revisión.CONCLUSIONES: La raza, el nivel socioeconómico y cobertura médica están asociados con la adherencia a las guías en el cáncer de recto. La raza/etnicidad no se asoció con diferencias en la supervivencia específica de la enfermedad en el grupo que cumplió con las guías. Medicaid y el nivel socioeconómico más bajo tuvieron peor supervivencia específica de la enfermedad tanto en el grupo que no cumplió con las guías como en los grupos que cumplieron. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B954 . (Traducción- Dr. Francisco M. Abarca-Rendon).

Corrigendum: COVID-19 preventive measures in Northern California jails: Perceived deficiencies, barriers, and unintended harms.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.854343.].

COVID-19 Preventive Measures in Northern California Jails: Perceived Deficiencies, Barriers, and Unintended Harms.

Background: Carceral facilities are high-risk settings for COVID-19 transmission. Little is known about the hidden burden of infection or practical barriers to infection control in these settings, especially in jails. There is also limited research on the mental health impacts of the pandemic among people living and working in carceral facilities. Methods: Between July 8, 2020 and April 30, 2021, we performed SARS-CoV-2 rapid antibody testing and administered a questionnaire among residents and staff of four Northern California jails. We utilized multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for demographic and carceral characteristics, to analyze factors associated with prior infection, including perceived likelihood of prior infection and access to new masks. We additionally assessed the implementation of, perceptions toward, and impacts of COVID-19 policies in practice. We engaged stakeholder representatives, including incarcerated individuals, to guide study design, procedures, and results interpretation. Results: We enrolled 788 jail residents and 380 jail staff. Nearly half of residents and two-thirds of staff who were antibody-positive had not previously tested positive for COVID-19. Among residents without a prior COVID-19 diagnosis, antibody positivity was significantly associated with perceived likelihood of prior infection (adjusted OR = 8.9; 95% CI, 3.6-22.0). Residents who had flu-like illness in jail cited inadequate responses to reported illness and deterrents to symptom reporting, including fears of medical isolation and perceptions of medical neglect. Residents also disclosed deficient access to face masks, which was associated with antibody positivity (adjusted OR = 13.8, 95% CI, 1.8-107.0). Worsened mental health was pervasive among residents, attributed not only to fear of COVID-19 and unsanitary jail conditions but also to intensified isolation and deprivation due to pandemic restrictions on in-person visitation, programs, and recreation time. Conclusion: Carceral settings present significant challenges to maintaining infection control and human rights. Custody officials should work diligently to transform the conditions of medical isolation, which could mitigate deterrents to symptom reporting. Furthermore, they should minimize use of restrictive measures like lockdowns and suspension of visitation that exacerbate the mental health harms of incarceration. Instead, custody officials should ensure comprehensive implementation of other preventive strategies like masking, testing, and vaccination, in conjunction with multisector efforts to advance decarceration.

Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among residents of Northern California jails.

Carceral facilities are high-risk settings for COVID-19 transmission. Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among incarcerated individuals are poorly understood, especially among jail residents. Here, we conducted a retrospective review of electronic health record (EHR) data on COVID-19 vaccine uptake in custody and additionally administered a survey to assess reasons for vaccine hesitancy, sources of COVID-19 information, and medical mistrust among residents of four Northern California jails. We performed multivariate logistic regression to determine associations with vaccine acceptance. Of 2,564 jail residents offered a COVID-19 vaccine between March 19, 2021 and June 30, 2021, 1,441 (56.2%) accepted at least one dose. Among vaccinated residents, 497 (34.5%) had initially refused. Vaccine uptake was higher among older individuals, women, those with recent flu vaccination, and those living in shared housing. Among 509 survey respondents, leading reasons for vaccine hesitancy were concerns around side effects and suboptimal efficacy, with cost and the need for an annual booster being other hypothetical deterrents to vaccination. Vaccine hesitancy was also associated with mistrust of medical personnel in and out of jail, although this association varied by race/ethnicity. Television and friends/family were the most common and most trusted sources of COVID-19 information, respectively. Overall, vaccine acceptance was much lower among jail residents than the local and national general population. Interventions to increase vaccination rates in this setting should utilize accessible and trusted sources of information to address concerns about side effects and efficacy, while working to mitigate medical and institutional mistrust among residents.

Adoptive T-Cell Therapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. For the vast majority of patients with advanced CRC (ie, for those in whom metastatic tumors are unresectable), treatment is palliative and typically involves chemotherapy, biologic therapy, and/or immune checkpoint inhibition. In recent years, the use of adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT), leveraging the body's own immune system to recognize and target cancer, has become increasingly popular. Unfortunately, while ACT has been successful in the treatment of hematological malignancies, it is less efficacious in advanced CRC due in part to a lack of productive immune infiltrate. This systematic review was conducted to summarize the current data for the efficacy and safety of ACT in advanced CRC. We report that ACT is well tolerated in patients with advanced CRC. Favorable survival estimates among patients with advanced CRC receiving ACT demonstrate promise for this novel treatment paradigm. However, additional stage I/II clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of ACT in patients with CRC.

Learning the Orientation of a Loosely-Fixed Wearable IMU Relative to the Body Improves the Recognition Rate of Human Postures and Activities.

Features were developed which accounted for the changing orientation of the inertial measurement unit (IMU) relative to the body, and demonstrably improved the performance of models for human activity recognition (HAR). The method is proficient at separating periods of standing and sedentary activity (i.e., sitting and/or lying) using only one IMU, even if it is arbitrarily oriented or subsequently re-oriented relative to the body; since the body is upright during walking, learning the IMU orientation during walking provides a reference orientation against which sitting and/or lying can be inferred. Thus, the two activities can be identified (irrespective of the cohort) by analyzing the magnitude of the angle of shortest rotation which would be required to bring the upright direction into coincidence with the average orientation from the most recent 2.5 s of IMU data. Models for HAR were trained using data obtained from a cohort of 37 older adults (83.9 ± 3.4 years) or 20 younger adults (21.9 ± 1.7 years). Test data were generated from the training data by virtually re-orienting the IMU so that it is representative of carrying the phone in five different orientations (relative to the thigh). The overall performance of the model for HAR was consistent whether the model was trained with the data from the younger cohort, and tested with the data from the older cohort after it had been virtually re-oriented (Cohen's Kappa 95% confidence interval [0.782, 0.793]; total class sensitivity 95% confidence interval [84.9%, 85.6%]), or the reciprocal scenario in which the model was trained with the data from the older cohort, and tested with the data from the younger cohort after it had been virtually re-oriented (Cohen's Kappa 95% confidence interval [0.765, 0.784]; total class sensitivity 95% confidence interval [82.3%, 83.7%]).

Merkel cell carcinoma: long-term follow-up of a single institution series and clinical outcomes by immunological status.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) usually arises in sun-exposed areas of older patients and might be more aggressive in the immunocompromised. We performed a retrospective chart review of 40 consecutive MCC patients treated at our institution between the years 2006-2017. Clinical and epidemiologic data were utilized and therapy and survival were analyzed. Compared to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, our population was entirely Caucasian (100% versus 95%; P=0.11) and male predominant (75% versus 63%; P=0.11). The median age was 76. The patients more often had Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage I disease (50% versus 39%; P=0.00003) and a primary tumor size <2cm (57.5% versus 34%; P<0.01). They received more frequently lymph node dissection (70% versus 63%, P=0.002) compared with the SEER findings. We identified a subset of immunocompromised patients (n=10) who presented with more stage III disease (40% versus 33%; P=0.021). Time to death averaged 290.1 days in this subset versus 618.2 days (P<0.001) in immunocompetent patients and their likelihood of death was 5 times higher. As clinical outcomes in MCC patients vary by immunological status, a multidisciplinary tumor-board approach may better optimize individual patient management.

Cystic acne due to imatinib therapy for chronic myelocytic leukemia.

Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of several malignancies. Its use, however, is associated with a number of toxic effects including adverse cutaneous reactions. Herein, we present a case of facial cystic acne in a patient receiving imatinib therapy for chronic myelocytic leukemia. This side effect resolved with cessation of therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this clinical entity has never been previously reported in the medical literature.

Inferior outcomes in immunocompromised Merkel cell carcinoma patients: Can they be overcome by the use of PD1/PDL1 inhibitors?

Cases of Merkel cell carcinoma have become increasingly more common in the last two decades, and its incidence has been predicted to climb further. Immunosenescence might explain in part the higher Merkel cell carcinoma prevalence in seniors aged 70 and older. This cancer might also be more aggressive in immunocompromised patients. In a subset of immunocompromised Merkel cell carcinoma patients, we identified significant lymphopenia and a more advanced disease stage compared with their immunocompetent counterparts. Time to death in this cohort was much shorter than in immunocompetent subjects, and their likelihood of death from Merkel cell carcinoma was five times higher. Avelumab approval in 2017 represents an important step forward in the therapy of Merkel cell carcinoma. Hopefully, PD1/PDL1 inhibitors will improve survival in immunocompromised Merkel cell carcinoma hosts, traditionally linked with inferior clinical outcomes.

Persistent foot ulcer due to ruxolitinib therapy for primary myelofibrosis.

Primary myelofibrosis is characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly and presence of JAK-2 V617F mutation in more than 90% of patients. Ruxolitinib is a Janus kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of primary myelofibrosis. We describe herein a persistent foot ulcer development attributed to ruxolitinib therapy. We are unaware of any previous reports of this phenomenon in the scientific literature. A thorough examination of the lower extremities is perhaps necessary before initiating this oral agent. If ruxolitinib therapy cannot be safely discontinued, diligent wound care and a course of antibiotics are warranted.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid with complete response to radical radiotherapy and concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

Chemoradiotherapy and/or surgery are both potentially radical treatments for squamous cell carcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas are considered chemosensitive tumours compared to adenocarcinomas or anaplastic thyroid malignancies. A 76-year-old man was found to have T4bN0M0 primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid with encasement of the internal carotid artery. The disease was deemed unresectable. Therefore, he was treated with radical radiotherapy with concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy. We discuss herein the aetiology, diagnosis and management of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. We demonstrate success of chemoradiotherapy in an unresectable case of a rare and aggressive disease.

Durable Complete Response of Primary CNS Lymphoma in an 80-Year-Old Patient with Retroviral Infection.

People aging with human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) present a unique set of challenges for their providers. Cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and renal disorders, and certain cancers are more common in this cohort, which is attributed to elevated rates of inflammation. Although survival remains compromised, integration of efficacious antiretrovirals and high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) was shown to improve clinical results in HIV-infected patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). However, optimal management of PCNSL in the elderly is not known. We present the case of an 80-year-old patientwith HIV-associated PCNSL who achieved a durable complete response with HD-MTX andrituximab. He remains in complete remission 18 months after the diagnosis. Our case supports using the HD-MTX/rituximab combination in the very old subjects with HIV-related PCNSL.

Fixed Drug Eruption Late in the Course of Capecitabine Therapy.

A fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a toxic skin effect thought to be caused by delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity to a pharmaceutical agent. We report herein the first known patient with capecitabine-induced FDE that appeared relatively late in the course of adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer. The temporal association with capecitabine use and prompt disappearance after capecitabine discontinuation make this relationship probable. Knowledge about this dermatologic skin effect seen with oral fluoropyrimidines should avoid unnecessary diagnostic workup and provide the necessary patient reassurance.

Not all gastric masses are gastric cancer.

Lung cancer metastasising to the gastrointestinal tract normally does not occur. However, as clinicians, we must be aware that lung adenocarcinoma, as in all cancers, can and will metastasise to any part of the body. We describe a case of a patient with a presumed primary gastric adenocarcinoma who presented with shortness of breath due to pleural effusion. Pathology from the pleural effusion was positive for primary lung adenocarcinoma. Further investigation revealed that the patient's gastric mass was misdiagnosed as gastric adenocarcinoma. We correctly diagnosed the mass as metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. This was very significant because the patient was transitioning to palliative care with possible tube feeding. After the correct diagnosis, her management drastically changed and her health improved. Clinical, pathological and medical management of lung cancer metastasis to the stomach are discussed.

Multicentric Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Breast Presenting with Multiple Osteolytic Bone Metastases.

An uncommon subtype of breast cancer, primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast (NECB), usually presents as a single nodule arising in the breast tissue. Distant metastases at presentation are rare. Optimal management of advanced disease is still debated, given the lack of evidence stemming from clinical trials. We describe a patient who presented with clinically aggressive, multicentric NECB with multiple metastatic lytic bone lesions. Ihe disease responded to systemic therapy with an oral aromatase inhibitor and monthly biphosphonate infusions. We further review the existing literature on this intriguing clinicopathologic entity.

Prolonged Survival in Colon Cancer with Malignant Pericardial Effusion and Pulmonary Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis: A Case for Monoclonal Antibodies?

Traditionally, cardiac metastases and lymphangitic carcinomatosis have been associated with survival of only two to four months. We report herein a patient with malignant pericardial. effusion, and lymphangitic carcinomatosis due to colon cancer who remains in partial remission 12 months after the diagnosis. We postulate that the newer agents bevacizumab and cetuximab used in two different combination regimens contributed significantly to his longer survival. If confirmed, increased survival in this group of patients treated with novel regimens will have to be considered before any life-changing decisions (such as early referral to hospice) are made. In addition, a multitude of newer agents are in the pipeline and will soon join the battle against gastrointestinal malignancies, which could further increase survival in these patients.

Wearable pendant device monitoring using new wavelet-based methods shows daily life and laboratory gaits are different.

Morbidity and falls are problematic for older people. Wearable devices are increasingly used to monitor daily activities. However, sensors often require rigid attachment to specific locations and shuffling or quiet standing may be confused with walking. Furthermore, it is unclear whether clinical gait assessments are correlated with how older people usually walk during daily life. Wavelet transformations of accelerometer and barometer data from a pendant device worn inside or outside clothing were used to identify walking (excluding shuffling or standing) by 51 older people (83 ± 4 years) during 25 min of 'free-living' activities. Accuracy was validated against annotated video. Training and testing were separated. Activities were only loosely structured including noisy data preceding pendant wearing. An electronic walkway was used for laboratory comparisons. Walking was classified (accuracy ≥97 %) with low false-positive errors (≤1.9%, κ ≥ 0.90). Median free-living cadence was lower than laboratory-assessed cadence (101 vs. 110 steps/min, p < 0.001) but correlated (r = 0.69). Free-living step time variability was significantly higher and uncorrelated with laboratory-assessed variability unless detrended. Remote gait impairment monitoring using wearable devices is feasible providing new ways to investigate morbidity and falls risk. Laboratory-assessed gait performances are correlated with free-living walks, but likely reflect the individual's 'best' performance.

New Methods to Monitor Stair Ascents Using a Wearable Pendant Device Reveal How Behavior, Fear, and Frailty Influence Falls in Octogenarians.

GOALS: To investigate if the stair negotiation by older people during activities of daily life (ADL) can be accurately identified using a freely worn pendant device. To investigate how usual stair-ascent performances during ADL relate to clinical assessments and prospective falls. METHODS: ADL were recorded for 30 min by 52 community-dwelling older people (83 ± 4 years) using a small pendant device. Classification accuracy was assessed using annotated video and four-fold cross validation. Correlations between sensor-derived stair-ascent features (comprising intensity, variability, and stability) and a battery of clinical tests (comprising physiological, psychological, health, and follow-up falls) were investigated. RESULTS: Accurate identification of stair events (99.8%, Kappa 0.92) was possible in both "frail" and "athletic" participants by scaling the barometer threshold to stair cadences. Cautious double-stepping strategy could be identified remotely. Stair-ascent performance was correlated with ascent strategy ( r = -0.67), age ( r = -0.44), concern about falling ( r = -0.43 ), fall-risk scores ( r = -0.41), processing speed ( r = -0.38), and contrast sensitivity ( r = 0.32). Follow-up falls were correlated with ascent stability ( r = -0.35). CONCLUSION: Remote analysis of stair ascents is feasible. In our healthy older people, outcomes appeared more related to mental rather than physiological factors. The ascent strategies we observed in some older people may have reflected an appropriate behavioral response to increased concerns about falling. SIGNIFICANCE: Given acceptance of wearable devices is increasing; reduced functional performance and altered strategies for undertaking ADL could soon be routinely tracked to augment health care.

Tracking the Evolution of Smartphone Sensing for Monitoring Human Movement.

Advances in mobile technology have led to the emergence of the "smartphone", a new class of device with more advanced connectivity features that have quickly made it a constant presence in our lives. Smartphones are equipped with comparatively advanced computing capabilities, a global positioning system (GPS) receivers, and sensing capabilities (i.e., an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and more recently magnetometer and barometer) which can be found in wearable ambulatory monitors (WAMs). As a result, algorithms initially developed for WAMs that "count" steps (i.e., pedometers); gauge physical activity levels; indirectly estimate energy expenditure and monitor human movement can be utilised on the smartphone. These algorithms may enable clinicians to "close the loop" by prescribing timely interventions to improve or maintain wellbeing in populations who are at risk of falling or suffer from a chronic disease whose progression is linked to a reduction in movement and mobility. The ubiquitous nature of smartphone technology makes it the ideal platform from which human movement can be remotely monitored without the expense of purchasing, and inconvenience of using, a dedicated WAM. In this paper, an overview of the sensors that can be found in the smartphone are presented, followed by a summary of the developments in this field with an emphasis on the evolution of algorithms used to classify human movement. The limitations identified in the literature will be discussed, as well as suggestions about future research directions.